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Earth Science Practices and Reference Tools

Launches Earth Science through systems and representations: evidence practices, sphere interactions, models, maps, reference tables, measurements, and data displays that recur across every domain. Topics: Science Practices and Evidence, Earth Systems, Scale, and Interaction, Reference Tables, Units, and Formula Tools, Maps, Coordinates, and Profiles, Data Displays, Trends, and Reliability.

Plate Tectonics and Earth's Interior

Uses indirect evidence and visual models to reconstruct Earth's interior, plate motion, boundary settings, and long-term tectonic-system interactions. Topics: Interior Evidence and Layers, Evidence for Plate Tectonics, Plate Boundaries and Map Patterns, Plate Motion Mechanisms, Tectonic Features and Long-Term Change.

Minerals, Rocks, and the Rock Cycle

Treats minerals and rocks as evidence of composition, formation environment, and Earth-system cycling, not isolated vocabulary. Topics: Minerals, Igneous Processes and Rocks, Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, Metamorphic Processes and Rocks, Rock Cycle and Earth Materials Synthesis.

Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Crustal Deformation

Interprets volcanoes, earthquakes, deformation, and mountain building as event evidence plus hazard-risk reasoning after the tectonic frame is in place. Topics: Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Seismic Waves, Crustal Deformation and Mountains, Dynamic-Crust Hazard Synthesis.

Geologic Time, Earth History, and Life

Reconstructs deep time by combining relative and numerical dating, fossils, planetary evidence, continental change, and life-atmosphere-ocean-rock feedbacks. Topics: Relative Dating Principles, Correlation and Fossil Evidence, Numerical Dating and Time Scale, Earth History, Life, and System Change, New York and Regional Geologic History.

Weathering, Water, and Landscapes

Connects weathering, mass wasting, groundwater, streams, deserts, and landscape evolution as surface-system responses to water, gravity, climate, bedrock, and tectonics. Topics: Weathering, Erosion, and Soil, Mass Wasting, Streams, Rivers, and Floods, Hydrologic Cycle and Water Budgets, Groundwater and Karst, Landscapes, Wind, and Deserts.

Oceans, Coasts, and Ice

Uses profiles, maps, and sequences to reason about ocean basins and water, currents and tides, shoreline change, glaciers, ice-age evidence, and sea-level feedbacks. Topics: Ocean Basins and Ocean Water, Ocean Motion and Circulation, Coasts and Sea-Level Change, Glaciers and Glacial Landforms, Ice, Oceans, and Cryosphere Feedbacks.

Atmosphere, Weather, and Climate

Connects atmospheric energy and weather maps with climate evidence: variables and instruments, storms, forecasting, controls, paleoclimate, recent change, models, and feedbacks. Topics: Atmospheric Structure and Energy, Weather Variables, Instruments, and Maps, Air Masses, Fronts, and Forecasting, Severe Weather, Climate Systems and Change.

Resources, Hazards, and Human Sustainability

Uses maps, data, and tradeoff models to reason about resources, hazards, human impacts, climate responses, engineering constraints, and sustainability decisions. Topics: Natural Resources and Energy, Human Impacts on Earth Systems, Natural Hazards and Risk, Engineering Solutions and Tradeoffs, Sustainability and Global Change Synthesis.

Space Systems and Planet Earth

Closes the course by using evidence from light, spectra, H-R diagrams, orbits, planetary surfaces, and Earth-Sun-Moon geometry to place Earth in cosmic context. Topics: Universe Evidence, Stars, Solar System Motions and Objects, Earth-Sun Cycles, Moon, Eclipses, and Tides.